The Happy Dyke of Fagradalsfjall

/ 14/03/2021

Dalssel at Fagradalsfjall. Image from Ferlir.is

Background

The good part about volcanology is that nature will sooner or later test both your theories and your scientific models. In this case what was tested was the original model of the available pent up seismic strain in the currently active area of Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland.

It turned out that the amount of pent-up strain was higher than the models had given at hand. Science loves when oddballs like this comes around the corner, then you get the opportunity to see if something is wrong or missing with your theories, or if there is something wrong with the models used. I love the smell of science in the morning.

As everyone has noticed by now, well at least everyone interested in Icelandic geology, the seismic activity continued well beyond what could be expected according to the model for the area. Since the start of the seismic crisis an average of 20 000 earthquakes has occurred per week, and the size of the larger earthquakes are comparatively in the same range without any sign of them abating.

During the first week of seismic activity, we mainly saw tectonic earthquakes along the portion where the Mid Atlantic Rift enters the Reykjanes Peninsula in a WSW/ENE-direction spanning most of the peninsula.

After that the activity started to concentrate in an area between Keilid and Fagradalsfjall, with a migrating trend towards the southern part of Fagradalsfjall.

At this point in time this is the largest earthquake swarm recorded instrumentally in Iceland. It is in fact so numerous in earthquakes that it stands for a large portion of all earthquakes ever measured in Iceland. It even dwarfs the famously noisy eruption of Holuhraun in 2014-2015.

 

Tectonic or Magmatic?

Dykemap, courtesy of the Icelandic Met Office.

One of the most irrelevant questions in Iceland is probably if an intense earthquake swarm is tectonic or volcanic. The reason I am saying this is that sooner or later an initially purely tectonic swarm will turn into a magmatic swarm as intrusions sets in.

Here I am talking about earthquake swarms that are not directly in or around the well known large central volcanoes, they operate a bit differently. I am here keeping to areas like the Reykjanes Peninsula.

The reason for this is simple fluid dynamics. The main tectonic regiment in Iceland is caused by the rifting apart of the Eurasian and North American continents. This is by no means a constant process, instead you get increased strain locally, and that strain is later released as an earthquake swarm (or as a large earthquake, but now we are talking about swarms).

The swarm in turn is in the beginning tectonic as things are pulled apart, and here it is where fluid dynamics comes into action. I will here invoke a rule, nature abhors a vacuum. So, if a void is formed in the crust as it is pulled apart two things will happen.

Scenario number one is the purely tectonic one, and the rift will snap back together giving no dilation of the rift. In other words, the vacuum problem is solved by the sides of the rift coming back together (most often not exactly in the same way).

I am obviously simplifying things quite a bit here, but the principle is correct. In these cases, you might get lateral slip or vertical slip of one edge, but you do not see dilation. This is quite easy to see a few days later on the GPS-network.

The second option happens if the swarm is ongoing for some time and the crust is fractured enough that magma can enter from below. In this scenario you will instead be having fresh magma being sucked into the void, filling it up.

Now we have dilation that will be visible on the GPS system if we are in the happy situation that we have a GPS-station on either side of the rift as the earthquake(s) strike. It is visible since the stations will move apart, and then they stay apart.

The important part here is that it is quite common that this happens in Iceland, it usually happens a couple of times per year, or even more. After all, most intrusions will fail before an eruption occurs since the intruding magma is just enough to fill up that pesky void in the crust.

 

The Happy Dilating Dyke

Cumulative seismic release over 11 days. Image by Gaz Dale based on data from the Icelandic Met Office.

Now things will become a tad technical, so I need to explain a few expressions as I go. The first one is obviously the word dyke. It is a form of volcanic conduit that is extending from the mantle upwards like a hanging sheet of magma, sometimes spanning a considerable horizontal distance.

It forms like I explained above as the rift is pulled apart by the continental drift, the ensuing void will be filled by magma. If the magma moves far enough upwards it will start to exert force in two ways.

The first way is through buoyancy, due to being hotter than the surrounding bedrock it will buoyant and will strive to move upwards like a hot balloon. If the magma is shallow an eruption might happen since there is not enough time for the magma to solidify in the dyke.

This is a fairly slow process, and it can be followed since the earthquakes will be slowly migrating upwards.

The other force will kick in if the magma comes close enough to the surface. All magma contains volatile compounds like water and gasses. In Iceland there is comparatively little water in the mixture, but there is quite a bit of gas that can nucleate out of the magma.

Cumulative number of earthquakes over the last 11 days. Do note that the numbers of earthquakes do not correspond to the energy release. The numbers show a decrease, but the energy is increasing. Image by Gaz Dale based on data from the Icelandic Met Office.

The amount of gas becomes higher the closer you come to the mantleplume that is residing near Bárdarbunga below Vatnajökull. In Reykjanes the magma is poorer in gas, so the force is less.

As the magma nears the surface the pressure from the crustal over-burden will decrease, and the gasses that are locked into the magma will start to come out.

Think of it as a warm soda can that has been shaken. If the lid is on (over-burden pressure) the carbon dioxide will stay dormant in the soda, but as soon as you pop the lid you will get covered in sticky sugary soda.

As and when this start to happen the magma will start to expand and that increases the pressure, and this in turn will push apart the dyke even more, and the gasses will push mainly upwards since they are a lot lighter than the magma it is originating from.

By now we know that a dyke has formed at the old (formerly) dormant Fagradalsfjall volcanic system. From GPS measurements and InSAR we know that the dyke is 7km long (horizontal extension) and that it is 5km deep (vertical extension), and that it is 1.2 to 1.5 metres wide (dilation).

Depth of earthquakes over the last 11 days. Image by Gaz Dale from data by the Icelandic Met Office.

We know that in volcanic rift systems dykes prefer to extend horizontally so that they become longer as magma continues to pour into the expanding rift. This is due to the mass of the magma creating a disproportionate pressure lengthwise.

This will continue until the expanding rift encounters harder colder bedrock at the ends. When this happens, the systemic pressure will jump up a notch.

In a system like Fagradalsfjall there is a lot of pent-up strain, up to 22 meters worth of it. This means that the lava can push the sides of the dyke apart until all strain has been accounted for.

What now, 22 meters? Well, that is the maximum figure of the accumulated motion of the MAR at Fagradalsfjall since the last eruption in the region. From this we obviously need to deduct all swarms that have formed dykes since the last eruption in the region.

To this question we do not have an answer. So, the available pent-up strain might be another half a metre, or several meters.

Latitude of earthquake locations for the last 11 days. Image by Gaz Dale over data from the Icelandic Met Office.

And this is the interesting part, because as soon as that is done the pressure will notch up again, and the dyke will start to propagate upwards, plus the buoyancy effect, plus the expansion of the magma as it nucleates out volatiles… By this point there is literally no return and an eruption will occur.

Now we just need two more figures of interest. The first is how much magma is entering the system, and that is roughly 20 cubic metres per second on average. This in turn equates to 50 cubic meters per second of lava in its fully nucleated fizzy state if an eruption would occur. At least if we assume a steady state of magma arrival to eruption rate.

Now we just need to know how much magma has been emplaced at this moment. It is so far a measly 0.05 cubic kilometres and counting.

This equates to what is called a tourist eruption in Iceland, complete with nice lava fountains that may come from one or several vents along the rift. There will obviously be little, or no ash if the eruption does not end up in the ocean. I will soon return to the ocean issue.

 

The miscalculation

Longitude of the earthquakes during the last 11 days. Image by Gaz Dale using data from the Icelandic Met Office.

This section could also be called: When nature kicked Carl’s model in the teeth. I can though comfort myself with being in good company on this.

My initial modelling was based on historic instrumental data. And this gave at hand that the pent-up strain was significantly less than it was.

This made me assume that the maximum possible seismic release would be akin to the famously noisy eruption at Holuhraun, and that when about as much seismic energy had been expended an eruption would occur. Oh boy was I wrong.

Back when I did my research on the Lakí eruption I modelled that it had by necessity had a very high seismic activity, including several earthquakes above M6. This also seemed to be evidenced by written sources and collapsed houses.

Back then nobody agreed with my estimates, but after seeing this I think that it was correct after seeing this utter melee of earthquakes. After all, the strain potential in the area where Lakí happened is much higher compared to Reykjanes.

I do think that Reykjanes is proving my original point. Alas, I digress…

What I had done was to take the historic instrumental data and just extend it backwards for Reykjanes all the way back to the last eruption.

In hindsight it is easy to see where this model was wrong, and I should really have caught my mistake. After an eruption, the strain build-up will be aseismic. This means that for quite some time there will be no earthquakes releasing the strain, and this creates a bias in that you would assume that there is more released strain compared to the reality of nature.

Second mistake was that I assumed that the crust was more plastic compared to what it turned out to be. This in turn meant that you get more, and larger, earthquakes compared to the size of the dyke since it takes more power to crack the rock.

Therefore, my original estimate of the needed time until an eruption would start was off. Originally my original estimate was 5 to 12 days (starting the clock from the beginning of week two of the swarm).

 

Current estimate

The Icelandic word for a dyke is Kvikugangur. This is a pretty good graphic of the dyke at Fagradalsfjall. Think of it as a hanging sheet of magma candy… Image from Iceland Review.

I am still convinced that an eruption will occur, and for the same reasons as back when I started to see this as a runup phase.

That being said, pinpointing exactly when and where is something completely different. Let us start with guesstimating the when (well, at least if nature does not throw something new into the works that I have not yet figured out).

Let us start with the length part. I cannot for the life of me see that the dyke will continue much further south, at least not longer than to near the coast. There is just no evidence that Fagradalsfjall has erupted previously that far south.

This means that the crust is becoming ever harder and more resistant the further south the dyke extends. As and when this happens the dyke can extend a bit more to the north, and then the same cold and hard crust will happen again.

After that, the question is how much the dyke can dilate as the magma pushes it apart. This is obviously the big unknown part. We do know that it is less than 22 meters, and significantly less so, but how much? I have a problem seeing more than another 1.5 to 3 meters, but here is where I was very wrong previously.

Let us say that we have another 0-5 days of horizontal extension, and 0 to 20 days of dilation. After that there is less than 2 days of vertical extension until the magma reaches the surface.

Now, is there any sign that the pressure is increasing that we can look for? Well, yes there is.

Currently the magmatic intrusion has been mostly evidenced as horizontal displacement and only locally have upwards motion been detected. As and when the horizontal displacement dies off and the vertical motion picks up pace an eruption could happen anytime.

So, what is the verdict on that? Yes, there is increasing vertical uplift, not by much but enough to take notice of.

So, the guesstimate is that an eruption is probable to occur within 2 to 25 days from now, unless something happens that is stopping things up, and I see that as ever less likely. I also believe that the eruption will occur in the southern part of the rift.

CARL REHNBERG

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486 thoughts on “The Happy Dyke of Fagradalsfjall”

  1. Hmmm Magma is about the depth as Burj Kahlifa is tall now..below the fagradalsfjall valley

    Once it hits 500 meters below it will quickly erupt and blow hydrothermal resovairs… with pheratic activity and later effusive hawaii style fountains

    I never realized it took this long for magma to make its way to the surface at Reykjanes

    • Perhaps 0,1 km3 If we are lucky it will be as a lava field.. it will be spectacular lava fountains and Aa flows feed by fast moving open pahoehoe rivers, forming spatter and perhaps a cinder cone.

      I cannot wait to move to Iceland, I just wants to see what skills are useful in Reykjavik, I wants to work with something that intrest me ( perhaps with tourism industry/ photography processing)

    • Sending an army of surhajar to Sweden : ) Going to eat kæstur hákarl! to celebrate this eruption will it arrives… buried stinky sleeper shark. ”Fermented Fish Cheese”

      • Since you’re Swedish, I’m sure you must have tried surstromming at least once?

        • surstromming taste like the Brown green Septic tank sludge smells

          Its impossible to eat… satans food

        • ( Gollum!!! Gollum!!! = cough )

          Allllll … deeead allll roooootten… fish and sharks and orches…

          weee wants it raaw.. Give it to usssss raw, and wriggling!!

  3. Thanks for the nice essay. Are there publicly available charts to check evidence for increased vertical motion?

    • Svartsengi and Krisuvik show some indication for recent uplift. Still pretty small though

      • Great. Then this is from the GPS webpage of vedur.is. Amazing that they can measure millimeters…

  4. Verry good article Carl. I’m still a bit grumpy that the eruption did not happend when i wanted, on the day i moved in to my new home. Now i hope the eruption will start happend on the date 21st, 25th or 28th this month 🙂

    • What else could we celebrate with than an Icelandic eruption 🙂

      I am trying to sweet talk Hekla into going off on that date…

      • I would like to see Hekla erupt, I think it will be quite big. I dont think it will be excessively violent though, something changed here after 1948, and eruptions from 1970 onwards were basaltic andesite right from the start, so hot and fluid, visually very much like recent activity on Etna. The next eruption will probably be mostly effusive with a line of massive strombolian fountains, will light up the sky for miles around.

        So maybe just a little bit safer to be around now, no violent plinian stage anymore throwing rocks at people 50 km away, but maybe I am wrong, we will probably find out soon 🙂

  6. Great Carl! The hardness of the rock surprised us all, but perhaps in hindsight it was clear from the bookshelf faults in the early days: they very short and rather close together. Hint. It is quite amazing that no eruption has occured in this particular area since the ice age. It is a re-activation of an old system. It has had a lot of time to cool and harden (and basalt can become very hard). Also no hydrothermal activity as far as I know.

    It seems hard to believe that al this would end without an eruption. Like you, I expect it will eventually erupt. But nothing is guaranteed.

    • I like it when it turns out that something is wrong, then I get the chance to figure things out and adjust things accordingly. 🙂

      Being dead ass wrong is the beginning of most discoveries.

      Now my dead ass is off to bed.

      • Albert it is for that reason (no eruption since ice age in this area) that I think an eruption will have to happen outside of the old rock of Fragadalsfjoll. It will probably happen at its southern end, at Nátthagi.

        I am actually thinking whether or not this will produce a shield.

        At the very least it might be a single vent erupting.

        Most rock south of Nátthagi is as rock hard as it can be. It marks the southern end of the propagating dyke. No easy change of an eruption towards the ocean.

        And the dyke is unlikely to erupt halfway between the south and north end points, as that is right under Fragadalsfjoll, where rock is also hard. No eruption since that ice age.

        The area around Keillir might also be a second easy exit point.

        In any way, I am willing to see my hypothesis (a shield eruption) being tested during the upcoming eruption.

        If it happens then it could be called Nátthagidyngja.

        The good question is what makes a shield erupts. There needs to be a constant mechanism of forcing magma out (through a single vent) and not solidifying.

        My reasoning above shows how it could be a single vent eruption.

        • I would like to see a shield, Iceland needs a long lived eruption and so close to Reykjavik too it is potentially a perfect attraction. Would possibly require a new international airport though. I think most studies have found that shields follow deglaciation though, which is why there are so many from the early Holocene and only a few recent ones that are next to icecaps. Probably the only place that can do that now on a large scale is Bardarbunga. It is though a rather unprecedented situation at Fagradalsfjall though, so there could be an exception.

          The first eruption will still be a fissure though, or at least a fast eruption. Shields in Hawaii have started with high fountaining in nearly all cases, and tall fountains were seen at Surtsey too.

        • The place where the dyke started is at Þráinsskjöldur, which is an old shield (skjöldur = shield). First it went from there towards Keilir. When that progression stopped, activity jumped back to Þráinsskjöldur and started going south instead.

      • Chad I hopes a really long lived Grimsvötn eruption happens next time. Perhaps something like a subglacial surtsey. Grimsvötn is the volcano in Iceland that probaly recives the most yearly magma influx. These most recent years, the supply is above avarge, setting the stage for large eruptions. Grimsvötns magma chamber is the most shallow in Iceland, but the crust in Vatnajökull is almost 50 km thick.. 4,7 times thicker than at Reykjanes, so I can imagine it takes quite a while for a Big and well developed central volcano to form its established magma system there. Reykjanes have a thin crust.. But lacks the supply

        • The crust at Vatnajökull is 50 kilometers thick! probaly caused by thickening underplating by the Hotspot.

          But it ”lacks” a litosphere Being a major plume centra and divergent boundary.

          Probaly is a decompression melt plume pool at the deep crust base of Vatnajökull.

          Reykjanes is a slow spreading ridge without the plume heat slow spreaders is saied to lack a large scale decompression magmatic melt lens. But Fagradalsfjall seems to draw from a good sized melt pool?

        • The northeast rift of Bardarbunga is a much better place for a shield to form than inside Grimsvotns caldera, which is a trapdoor caldera like at Fernandina. You are right this decade Grimsvotn has gotten a big resupply probably of over 1 km3 of magma but generally Bardarbunga has a higher magma flux rate. It isnt obvious because eruptions at Grimsvotn are usually small and frequent while Bardarbunga has big eruptions but far apart. All of the eruptions at Grimsvotn since 1983 combined is something like 0.85 km3 DRE while Holuhraun was around 1.2 km3 DRE.

          Shields also are associated with deglaciation, the glacier is going to melt over the rift of Bardarbunga before it melts at Grimsvotn, which is right in the middle. The northeast Bardarbunga rift also is unlike the Veidivotn or Holubraun rifts because eruptions can happen there without a central volcano, it has some sort of deep rift structure with a lot of magma. I think this is directly above where the plume is meant to be, and is where the first magmatic activity leading to Holuhraun came from

    • Is this the first recorded example of a volcano in Iceland that has no Holocene eruptions becoming active? Far as I can find every volcano in Iceland that has erupted at least in the last few hundred years has erupted in the Holocene previously,

      • Surtsey comes to mind.

        Reykjanes is mostly monogenetic, but the monogenetic activity is organized around 4 (or so) volcanic centres. All those centres were active 800-1200 years ago. But Fagradalsfjall is a bit of an outlier. It is a bit of new development, perhaps indicating a re-arrangement of the volcanic centres around there.

        • I was typing a list and then accidentally closed the window.

          Anyways:
          Theistareykjarbunga
          Langjokull near Hallmannahraun
          Grimsnes?
          Oraefajokull prior to 1362
          Lyosufjoll
          And a few more

          Laki and Eldgja just had one or two eruptions prior to their last one

          These one are poorly understood:
          Hofsjokull
          Kerlingarfjoll
          Tindfjallajokull
          Tungnafellsjokull
          Greensdalur

          Herdubreid was close to erupt with its intrusions in recent years…

          • I looked up all those on GVP and they all have had prehistoric Holocene eruptions, Grimsnes actually looks to only be made of Holocene cones, same for Theystareykjarbunga. Im also not sure to call the shields around Langjokull part of a fissure swarm, the area is old, I think the central volcanoes are extinct and recent eruptions come from the deep magma system directly as monogenetic but long lived vents. It is like an on land version of the new Mayotte volcano basically.

            What I mean actually is that there has not been any activity in the Fagradalsfjall volcanic system since immediately after deglaciation, and up until recently. Is there any other volcanic system in Iceland that has had its first Holocene eruption in the last 1000 years?
            If not then this is truly a very historical moment, watching an extinct volcano become active again 🙂

          • Theistareykjarbunga has erupted repeatedly since the last Ice age.
            Same goes for a few others on the list.

            Herdubreid has most definitely erupted post-glacial.

    • The Mascalucia cam had a nice view, a few minute back ~ 1:50 it was lighting up pretty good, then a big burst to the west side followed what looked like an incandescent pyroclastic flow rolling downslope toward the east. After that it looks like the activity has slowed again.

      • There have been pyroclastic flows on Etna during paroxysms in the past, including in this recent series. They form when parts of the actively growing cone collapse, and because it is at the top of a steep slope the SEC is particularly prone to this. It is technically not too different from a snow avalanche, just with glowing sand, basically.

        Sometimes they also form in front of lava flows going down the steep slopes, this actually happens at pretty much all basaltic volcanoes if the cone is steep enough, I even saw a video of this from Hawaii and Reunion. Fuego is particularly notable here, it is entirely basaltic but it is now too steep for lava flows.

    • https://youtu.be/-raS1vxYVaQ

      Here is a video of the most recent paroxysm. There was no giant fountain, but there was voluminous lava flows from a number of vents along a fissure and some pretty big explosions out of the main crater. It is looking like the SEC is starting to rift in two as these eruptions continue, theres more flank vents appearing every time.

  10. For some reason the moment tensor solution for the recent mag 5.4 quake seems missing. You would think with all this information https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake/earthquake.php?id=959486#scientific that someone would have figured it out, but alas, no solution yet. I also have been unable to land on the USGS Fast Moment Tensor solutions webpage too for unknown reasons. I actually did check nearly all the MT websites listed on the ESMC webpage, but no solution was available.

    I am curious as to how the earth actually moved for this quake.

    Ref: CSEM ESMC ID: M 5.1 – ICELAND – 2021-03-14 14:15:27 UTC

  11. Great read.

    Just curious, how (just ballpark) large a percentage of all recorded earthquakes in Iceland have happened in this swarm?

    • About 40 percent of all earthquakes has been in this swarm. It is about 60 000 in total in this swarm.

    • IMO are not recording all the 60,000; they are confirming a fraction of that – enough to understand what is going on (understandable given the resources it would take to confirm the lot). I suspect the same happened during the eruptions of Eyjafjalljökull, Grímsvötn and Bárðarbunga. So although we would see an up-kick we would not see the full effect.

  12. Last night, around midnight, I could record a few new IR videos, this time without IR flashing but with IR lightning, this time the show happened mostly in the background (in the south). Looks like it has even left the surface, fog or/and clouds as new medium? Nothing to see on the VIS cam, so I guess there wasn’t any known lighting weather?

    Any more reports welcome! Thunder?

    https://cementboy.files.wordpress.com/2021/03/svid_20210315_032537_1.mp4

    • Not around midnight, after midnight until at least 03:37 am (CET).

      Will try later to put all the clips together and public it on my YouTube channel…

    • If the lightning you are referring to is the flickering/flashing on the horizon? The fact that it appears to be mainly contained to the sides of the image and not in the centre despite the fact the camera is panning, I.e it is stationary to the camera, not to the terrain, is very suggestive that it is an artefact resulting from some kind of interference?

      • I was thinking of that too. Some sort of heat from the wind or from the wind of the moving cam but it happens more than one time that is not only on the edge of the cam picture. Also you see during the flashing the clear border between sky and soil attributes (valley/hills/etc.).

        Additional on clips before last night, when we had ground not sky lighting, it was repeating itself at the same lava formations after a whole flip of the cam (~ 10 minutes later) or even hours later…but still no correlation with time, earthquake activity or anything else…

        • We see this flickering all the time, cementboy. I think that Swebby is referring to an artefact that is not REALLY there. Something that happens while the cam is processing part of the reality into something visible for us. No actual heat. Like when I see my mother in law, my internal preprocessing unit produces a pair of beaks on the image. Damn, that became too philosophical…

          • Is she the one who hangs upside down in the wardrobe after midnight, eating white mice?

        • As Ulwur and Quinauberon say, it is probably just issues with the camera – artificial noise. Ideally what we would want as a means of confirmation is for the camera to be static and the flashes to then appear at random positions and intervals. That would be more supportive of the events being genuine.

          I’m not suggesting you do this, unless you have a lot of spare time you can burn, but – you could plot the flashes for the point they appear on the terrain against the point the appear on the camera image. If you see some consistency between the two, i.e flash to the right of a certain hill just as that hill pans into or out of shot, that would suggest a calibration issue that Ulwur mentions.

          It is interesting mind, earthquake lights might well be a genuine phenomena. Having multiple cameras, at different wavelengths, pointing at an area with lots of ongoing quakes (and aurora!) could well reveal something not seen before. My money however would be firmly on some kind of glitch with the image processing.

      • Yes. Infra-red cameras “calibrate” and adjusts their gain constantly. I think it looks like normal Infra-red camera antics.

    • I thought that flashing was car headlight reflections on the camera cover or lens…It did look like lightning but weather didn’t seem right for that.That section picks up vehicles travelling on the road quite closely.

  13. The bedew of the whole area since hours will have the same effect of a possible eruption like the snow last week? Almost non…or?

    • Weather does not affect volcanoes at all.
      A kilometer of glacier disappearing would though affect them.

      • They are like me! Rain or sunshine, I keep on smoking outside… 😉

        BTW: Volcanos kill too, if you are lucky you just get lung cancer in a few years *rofl*

        • Some Motherly advice. Cancer is bad but COPD is devastating and most get that to some extent and as you age even when a non smoker your lungs get less efficient….I was a smoker for years until I found my breathing wasn’t good when exercising. I stopped and luckily 10 or so years on I am still pretty fit . But do yourself a favour… Quit ASAP.It’s hard but I managed and I am/was a real nicotine addict!

          • I experienced exactly that. Never ever felt so unfit as 12 years ago when I quit. The best decision of my life (the worst was when I started)

  14. https://twitter.com/Icevolcanx/status/1371377939825229825
    …four magma intrusions on the peninsula. Halldór Geirsson said that the magma channel between Fagradalsfjall and Keilir is by far the largest. …Svartsengi, the Reykjanes system, in Krýsuvík. “But these movements at Fagradalsfjall are far larger than these movements”…

      • Right … either it stops now .. or suddenly goes berserk

      • As in tickling the dragon’s tail? Oh wait…I think that’s more or less an allusion to what happened when some people did incredibly dangerous experiments with plutoniom-239 during the 1940s – often with fatal results in the form of radiation poisoning. Radiation poisoning is definitely not a very pleasant way to go.

  16. Eruption or BUST!!!
    Thats how it is …

    ( Gollum!!! .. gollum! coughing)

    • Weeee waaaants it … we neeedsss it … Muuuust have the preeeeeeecuuuiouusssss…
      IMO stole it from usssss… sneeaaky little intrusions.. ! wicked trixy falssee! 😂

      • You do of course realize that even if an open path to magma is established from the surface… unless it has an overabundance of pressure… nothing will happen.

  17. Looks like this intrusion is cancelled ; )
    But it will be a few days until we knows GPS and tilt also plays a role

      • Has anyone a link to the know earthquakes in or around Iceland with flags if tectonic or magmatic or N/A?

          • It is not trivial and would require manual analysis and interpretation. The quakes are probably identified from the high-pass filter which identifies the tectonic events. A magmatic component to it would show up especially in the low-pass filter but that is much harder to analyze. You would not even know which quake to associated it with. Their database aims to present the data, rather than the interpretations.

          • I see it’s not that easy…

            “…
            However, several cases have occurred in which the locations of initial precursory earthquake swarms did not coincide with the eruptive vent (i.e., distal clusters). For instance, the initial earthquake swarms prior to the dacitic eruption of Mt Pinatubo, Philippines, in 1991, occurred about 5 km northwest of the volcano. Twelve days before the climactic eruption, activity of these swarms declined and vigorous shallower swarms began beneath the eventual eruption site. Similarly, prior to the onset of eruption at Soufrière Hills, Montserrat, the first recorded earthquakes were located ∼4 km west-northwest of the volcano. After 2 days, the distal earthquake swarm ceased and a swarm began directly under the Soufrière Hills vent.
            …”

            https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/volcanic-earthquake

    • To early to say that. What it does look like is that the intrusion stopped progressing south for the moment. If magma can’t travel further south, it means it now has to accumulate in the dyke until something gives, either extending the dyke in either direction, or bringing it closer to the surface.

      Currently, the earthquake activity has backed up and is now centered at the middle part of the dyke, close to þráinsskjöldur but still on the southern part of the dyke. A few quakes have also appeared along the northern part towards Keilir. Maybe the action will switch back there for a while. Whatever it decides to do, we have to be patient.

    • Aaa so the dense Earthquakes are when the dyke is cutting lateraly and not upwards

      Then perhaps now.. it can finaly buildup pressure from the source

  18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOlMBHL_mNk&t=18s

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYviHJwnkOs

    A thermal image taken shortly after a magnitude 5.3 quake on Sunday shows significant ground temperatures in the quake zone in the Reykjanes peninsula.

    Ari Þórólfur Jóhannesson took video from the area with a heat drone that can be seen below. Ari says in a conversation with mbl.is. dark areas of the picture are cold but orange are extremely hot. The clip was taken about two kilometres east of Grindavík at an altitude of 100 meters. Orange fields on the video are clearly visible on Borgarfjall.

    “People have something to wonder if this has anything to do with the sun, but in some areas there is snow and in others it is not even though both sides refer to the sun,” says Ari.
    https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2021/03/15/tok_hitamynd_af_skjalftasvaedinu/

    • Thanks for sharing with the mbl link we are able to see both videos (VIS+IR) simultaneously…

      …will have a third look.

    • Is the other side of the hill hotter than its surroundings?

    • Don’t know a lot about the sensitivity of the used cam but have a look by yourself and compare it…

      Very good windows and doors, electric cars?

      Revoke? Not yet…

    • google maps says geographical location: 63.845251, -22.380211 at 122m

    • Luis, great catch.

      This is extremely interesting and a good use of cheap technology to give us very important data.

      I would like to have seen the drone flying above other nearby areas, just to confirm that the hotness is due to geothermal activity and not due to just heat from the sunshine in the black ashy soil.

      I am quite confident by just looking at this limited video that the hot face of that mountain, detected by the Infrared sensor, is actually the heat generated by the intrusion.

      Why?

      1) I have been in that area hiking before in 2014. There was no geothermal activity anywhere in Fagradalsfjall. So this is new.
      2) The area happens to be exactly at the estimated southern tip of the intrusion. As I posted a few days ago, this is very close to the road bent (where the coast road makes a bent inland and goes over a hillpass), slightly south of Natthagi valley. Magma is just 500-1000 meters from the surface, so enough to generate heat in the surface level.

      This is very close to the seashore. A few more hundred meters and an eruption occurs in contact with water.

      Installing a few CO2 sensors there and doing further infrared readings, and one would confirm the exact hottest spot and the likely spot for a vent to open.

      • Isn’t this spot a bit to the west, closer to Grindavík? I don’t think it’s heat from the intrusion, but rather friction generated in the earthquake. The warm mountain is the epicentre of the M5.4.

        • Probably not friction. More likely a dislodging of the upper layer of the soil, revealing the slightly warmer soil below (warmer because it is winter. In summer the layer below would have been a bit cooler than the surface)

          • Of course! Anyway it’s probably not heat from the dyke. The mud pool that marks the tip of the dyke is 5 km away from the drone position.

        • I am very hesitant to disagree with those who know far more than I do, but wouldn’t radiant heat from warming by sunlight account for what we are seeing – notably, for example, in the ?basalt quarry near Festarfjall in the opening sequence, in the section of Festarfjall itself, and the roadside gravel – all in cementboy’s clips? And I don’t see anything atypical in these clips that cementboy has chosen.

          To approach the question from a different angle, What’s the heat conductivity of the rock in this area, and would magma at ca. 1km, several Kms from the area filmed, warm the surface sufficiently to show as is hypothesized?

          Against my line of questioning: if it were radiant heat, we’d expect the road to be a warmer colour, wouldn’t we? (And this question would also count against magma heating, wouldn’t it?)

    • That isn’t an area I know, but judging by the maps and the way the road goes along the coast, that is Fiskidalsfjall he is concentrating on, with Festerfjall also showing orange. That is where I worked out the 5.4 was though, but beyond where the dyke is reported to have reached.

    • Does anyone know if ET will get a start permit for the night?

      Probably we would have less noise from our growing or shrinking star…

  19. It looks like the intrusion is taking a well-earned rest. So…what stopped it?

    Has the intrusion developed through crustal rifting (filling the voids), or from transport (pushing the rocks)? Or a mix of both?

    I’m assuming it’s the last one. In which case has the rifting episode come to a natural rest for a while (a few years)? If I were to place bets, and based on the knowledge the peninsula goes through active episodes every few hundred years, I would expect the rifting to pick up once again, and the intrusion process continue.

    I am intrigued to see if the resumption is in hours, days, or longer.

    • For now it has come to rest because the M5.4 on the neighbouring fault has relaxed the stress on the dike. This will continue until the dike has filled the new space. If that happens, activity will resume, within days. But if there isn’t enough magma left to fill this space, then the intrusion may end here. I can confidently predict that the unrest will either resume or not resume.

    • Pure speculation, perhaps magma has met more solid rock so needs more pressure to break through or perhaps it has met softer, less brittle rock.

      Is magma still flowing into the rift?

  20. We see a steady decline in frequency since Saturday. One can see in the figure that “the blue quakes from the dyke” (<-new movie title) drop after the big shock, while at the same time the "reacting" orange quakes west of the dyke increase in number. After the latter decrease the former pick up again.

    • Nice plots! so The blue activity is still declining. The magma influx is reduced OR the quakes created new room for the magma to fill OR the tensions is right now building up for another burst of activity and perhaps an eruption…. Exciting to watch the events unfold!

  21. The reds correspond to the quakes far east, the greens to the quakes offshore and on the tip of the peninsula to the west (which are deeper). All just preliminary with the data from the table of the vedur.is page, of course.

    • <- This is an answer to Albert's question. Always hard to hit the correct reply button.

    • A relative pause in earthquakes after the big one and its aftershocks yesterday is to be expected. I saw this also after some M5 earthquakes before. Some stress is relieved by these quakes. I suppose the swarm will resume in hours or days.

  24. It would appear I may have the answer to my question. A few hours!

    • But now the activity is just north of Fagradalsfjall. Just to keep us on our toes

      • I would assume the dyke expanded as far as it could southwards, hit too much resistance, then stalled until a build-up of pressure allowed it to start expanding northwards again, resulting in the new batch of quakes? (Just as Carl’s article suggested!)

      • Is there some sort of sieche effect at play here?
        I may not be completely right about the use of that term, so what I mean is that it seems that the magma in the dike has sloshed about from North to South and now back again. is it possible that pressure waves travelling along the dike could converge from opposite directions?
        I don’t know…This is well beyond my understanding. But it seems to me that in a (semi) closed system it may be that , just like water sloshing about in a bath, there will be spots subjected to some increased pressure due to wave harmonics. In a closed system, that could be quite a big event.

        • Magma is trying to find a way out.
          Keilir was weak point number 1.
          Natthagi is weak point number 2.

          These are the end of the fault/rift region. Beyond that it is cold solid rock.
          Magma will be forced to erupt at either of these two points.

          – – –

          My educated guess is more outlandish than most in this blog.
          I think magma will erupt at the place where Carl has kissed the rocks (see his previous post two weeks ago).
          He should never have done that, without having asked for the permission of elves.

          Angry mighty lava must now follow. At exactly that spot.

        • Good question but hard to know. It was very clear at Kilauea, where after every summit collapse Leilani would see an increase in eruption rate. That was too fast to be direct magma flow, and must have been a pressure wave. In this case, if say the pressure in the dike drops to below what is needed to keep the dike open, the sides will move towards each other and squeeze the magma. Magma is poorly compressible, so it must escape, back up the dike. This flow is preceded by the pressure wave (Carl knows more about this than I do). In this case, I don’t think that happened. Instead, a lowering of the pressure, due to the triggered M5.4, would have sucked in magma from upstream. I would guess that is the activity we have seen build up near the centre of the dike. I don’t expect anything to happen fast.

  26. Hi Carl, I’ve lurked in the background for many years. I’m a true lurker as I’ve no expertise but love volcanoes (particularly Icelandic) and enjoy the explanations.

    It is a great gift to be able to explain complex subjects in terms a simple layman like myself can easily grasp. Thanks very much indeed for this article, and for all of the articles by you and your contributors. Here’s hoping for fireworks and infra red sheep a-plenty in the days to come.

    • Some translation I cannot resist posting. Omg.

      The photos show that the forces in the lower part have, in the last week, pushed their crust on either side of the corridor about 20 centimeters into the swimming pool.

      “Ten centimeters, in fact, in each direction. There’s a glitch about this magma chamber. The land rises and moves closer to the earth’s crust, fertilizer where the land rises and horizontal movements go together, “says Freysteinn.

  29. I have trouble clicking the like button… nothing happens after a brief fflash of a blank mini window… Also my replies end up all over the place… any suggestions as to why? I vote for Clive’s suggestion of Carllítilkeilaásléttrisléttu. This will make the news broadcasts far more cheerful than of late. 😀 ( I am not sure that Carl would like his cone to be classed as small 😀 😀 )

  30. Hi…a lurker for many years since the big eruption of that volcano in 2010 that begins with “E” (next to Katla) a few years ago.
    At times I have not got a clue what you are talking about, but I respect and admire your knowledge and passion for all things geology. There are some serious well educated volcanologists on here and you must put so much time in studying data and trying to analyse future events.
    One interesting fact for me was during the 2010 eruption (this was when my interest in Iceland started) I was a Director of a very busy motorway service station, about 30 miles from Dover, England. Because there were no planes flying, everyone was travelling overland on the Dover Calais route and my service station was extremely busy for 2 weeks, and I mean flat out. Cars and coaches streaming in, 24 hours a day, and at the time I was nearing the financial year end. This huge volume of traffic tipped me over the year end profit forecast and me and my management team received a healthy bonus !! All because of that eruption ! Strange how things work out !!

  33. Guess the remember me does checkbox not work, I had to log in again. Been watching the Mila Kelir thermal cam. I think the flashing is noise in the cable. Since the camera is moving back and forth the white flashing seems to be when the camera moves up and down. Cars passing, transmission line spikes etc …

    Years ago I collected the raw Images from the Mariner 9 mission 7770 image records. (First spacecraft to orbit and map another planet.) There was an issue on the slow videcon That left residual images. The filter wheel got stuck after about 180 orbits. From what I can tell this was never fully worked out. The noise was simply filtered out with what have become Photoshop filters. The old Kodak adage “Don’t make it right make it bright” These filters for the most part are pretty linear.

    Humans tend to see linear trends in data sets.

    I used to have a old analog videcon security camera (that had a burned image of a window.) Now of course most cameras are CCD which are more sensitive to IR. (You can make an IR camera by removing the blue filter from the lens assembly. The noise is different between the two. Much of it is really non linear.
    Anyway I suspect that most of the flashing and such on the mila thermal cam is probably RF noise that is being picked up on the transmission cables.

    BTW: Those old mars photographs, have lots of pictures of naked volcanoes. (The rovers however tend to land in the low sedimentary deposits as that is where the water was.)

    -julie

    • If I may be forgiven a bit of pedantry – IR is a very broad term that generally covers wavelengths longer than ~0.7µm. CCD and CMOS cameras are usually sensitive up to about 1µm and the band between 0.7 and 1µm is generally blocked by a filter for colour cameras. That extra band is called near infra-red (NIR) and behaves very similarly to the visible band. It isn’t considered a thermal band and generally relies on reflected light and doesn’t see heat until things get seriously hot (approaching 1000C). Next up is short wave infra-red (SWIR) which is usually viewed with InGaAs sensor cameras and covers ~0.7 to 2µm. This also doesn’t see thermal emissions, but does see some things other than visible. The two primary thermal bands are Mid wave (MWIR ~3 to 5µm) and long wave (LWIR 8-12µm). If I had to guess, I would say that the thermal cameras in Reykjanes are probably LWIR simply because uncooled micro-bolometer arrays are generally more user friendly than deep cooled MWIR sensors.

      • Yes, be pedantic.
        My experience is with output image processing. I was one of Apple’s Postscript Guru’s in the 1990s. I wrote much of the colorimage operator testing for Apple’s lone color laser printer.

        Color (which black and white is a subset.) Is quite subjective. It is more related to temperature and emotion. Attempts to linearize it eluded the likes of Newton (who was trying to force it into an arc circle. In effect it is a 3 Dimensional solid. Einstein indicated he had trouble visualizing non linear 3 dimensional solids.

        While we can measure the frequencies (time domain) with accuracy. It is hard to measure emotion. Perceptions are measured more subjectively. The groundwork done in 1920s/1930s Germany driven by the vast analyn dye industry. Color then also started to be used for propaganda/advertising The whole pink/blue thing. For the last 100 or so years color has been a season thing with some colors being in and some being out of fashion.

        What is not well understood is that Purple is a harmonic where the red and blue frequencies overlap. The higher blue wavelengths are hard to reproduce. Color reproduction gets around this by using florescent dyes. There are flowers and bird plumage which can not be reproduced (outside of full spectrum Holography.) Most likey we see color as two axis Red/Green and Yellow/Blue. Yellow and green being the same color mathematically when measured.

        IR is of course heat. It is much easier to measure (and feel) More confusing is that cool temperatures blue through white have more energy and are hotter than the warm temperatures. UV burns without any feeling.

        Too bad there are not UV cameras easy to access pointing at our suspect areas. We are dealing with black body radiators after all.

        As I have noted I am building a model of the Mariner-9 spacecraft. It had separate IR and UV “camera/sensors.” Some planets like Venus can only be imaged in Radio/radar and UV wavelengths being opaque in the visible spectrum.

        -julie

    • Maybe some kind of test? Certainly the three hammerhead signals between 09:00 – 10:00 look almost intentional.

      The slightly earlier noise looks a lot like the gravel pit machinery that plagued the mount Agung recorders. Is there a quarry nearby?

      There once was an excellent web page, possibly by the USGS that gave examples of all sorts of noise, from rock falls to off road vehicles all the way through to grazing elk and low flying helicopters!

    • That’s also obvious in this representation.

      Compare the green quakes (mostly before the break) with the blue ones (mainly after the brake). Also, arguably, some weak clustering of new orange quakes north of Keilir (a new trend?).

  37. Monday
    15.03.2021 22:31:54 63.910 -22.243 4.8 km 4.3 99.0 1.8 km ENE of Fagradalsfjall

    • yap…after 16.30 starts to be noisy the drum plot and yet another eq series when they just conclude in the morning that will be some sort of pause.

  38. Couple of stars (the largest being a 4.3) in quick succession in the northeast section. The rollercoaster ride is starting up again, perhaps.

  39. An earthquake of 4.3 magnitude was felt well in the capital area now at 22:32 and an announcement by the National Weather Service says it was found all the way up to Borgarfjörður.

    A total of 1,800 earthquakes have been measured in the Reykjanes peninsula today, of which seven of them were 3 in size or larger. Today’s activity has mostly been at Mount Fagradals, and tonight most tremors have been located at Mount NA-vert Fagradalsfjall, as it says.

    Yesterday, about 2,400 tremors were measured and even more on Friday and Saturday or up to 2,800 tremors a day.
    https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2021/03/15/skjalfti_4_3_ad_staerd_fannst_vida/

  40. Here’s something experimental for your home office, in case you use WINDOWS. Go to Mila’s Keilir IR webcam

    https://www.livefromiceland.is/webcams/keilir-thermal/

    and turn on the WINDOWS magnifier tool. Under ‘preferences’ (the gear symbol) go to the setup for the magnifier and turn on color inversion! And voila, there you have it. Looks almost like daylight. Expect lava to be black though.

  41. Flickering “lightning” effect continuing right across the IR image tonight…..Would it be possible for Northern Lights to produce charged particles somehow reflecting off the hills that show up on the IR cam? I am not very good at physics! Car headlight reflections wouldn’t account for this wide spread! So I have discounted that explanation!

    • Wouldn’t think so Diana – probably just a glitch with the camera!

    • Diana, the light from the charged particles could reflect on the ground, maybe a better spot for reflection would be a silence lake, I guess that you would see it there almost like a mirror.

      But in our case, were there any reports of Northern Lights during the IR flashings? If so we should have other reports from such reflected lights or reflected charged particles from IR cam spots without any volcanic or seismic activities, shouldn’t we?

      This video is from this morning, normal speed, 5x and 25x slower than normal (any IR super slow motion cam around?)

      https://cementboy.files.wordpress.com/2021/03/youcut_20210316_090359670.mp4

      • Thank you all…… my mind is at rest now 🙁 I didn’t see any evidence anywhere of geomagnetic activity although the Aurora alert was showing moderate activity. which is why I made my query. Albert with my experience of electronics in mind , I guess yours is the most likely explanation. Me and Iphones etc. do not make a good mix! Which reminds me to phone my bank after an unsuccessful unlocking of my new card at the ATM . 😀 😀

    • If it’s happening at regular intervals than it could be associated with an NUC shutter. Electronics usually cover that, but anything mechanical could get a bit sticky on a cold night.

    • I’m trying to double check the IR flashings on two different IR cameras simultaneously to get finally rid of this annoying noise discussion but the weather is bad and the activity low right now…

      Update will follow…

  42. Great discussion! I’d just have a few questions. The sketch from Iceland Review (and another version of this I saw online) seems to suggest that the magma at depth is in some sort of pipe-like structure. I’m not sure I have access to the corrected depths for foci, but essentially the earthquakes seem to go down along a continuous fracture basically into at least the mid-crust if not the lower crust/Moho (about 12-14 km here based on papers from early 2000’s). Is there a reason/data to think that the geometry of the fracture changes that significantly at depth? Also, it’s a bit of a minor point, but of course there will be at least a bit of ash, unless the magma completely degasses before it gets to the surface. In a windy place like Iceland fire fountaining will always produce some ash. Certainly not enough for international problems etc, but might be a local irritant and cause problems for Keflavik periodically. As you mention, ocean entry would change that equation as would intersection of a small lake or groundwater (Grænavatn maar just south of Kleifervatn is a good reminder). There is enough groundwater near Grindavik to support the geothermal water plant right by the Blue Lagoon, so that area might also be a bit dicey if the eruption starts there. Again all local, but seems to me that important to be as accurate as possible. I don’t know of any eruptions that produce 0.000 percent ash:).

    • Ben I too don’t think any eruption is ash free also. Looking at the topography of this ara on Google Earth I srr a very large lava flow from roughly N orth to South forming a flat Valley. Ripples in the flow are obvious . Then there is Keilir , like other smaller hills, lovely examples of ash cones. As this area hasn’t erupted for 1000 years or so it’s all new and any of our speculative guesses may be absolutely correct. My suggestion would be a fissure with maybe cone formation where there is abundant water such as a small lake.. So hedging my bet on this scenario. It will be fascinating watching (if the eruption happens which looks very likely). My thoughts are very much with the People who live in the area and who are having sleepless nights. This disruption and anxiety added to that of Covid 19 must be unpleasant for them. If a cone forms maybe call it Covidfyall ? My wishes for them and all in VC that we all stay safe and well.

  43. Browsing Google Earth on our favourite spot of interest, and came to think of the scale of the (possibly) coming eruption. The mountains (Fjalls) are not that small. and pretty steep for being shield volcanos I think. We’ve learned that these volcanos are monomagmatic and therfore are created at one time.

    Can we expect a (poosible) new eruption site to grow as large as the ones in the surrounding, Or were they created in another context of activity and therefore became bigger than the current is expected or guesstimated to be?

    • The mountains are subglacial volcanoes, not shields, but yes an eruption today could be if comparable volume. This area did erupt after deglaciation but at Reykjanes that happened pretty early on, and theres been no eruptions in the last 10000 years at Fagradalsfjall.

      There is actually a sizable gap between Krysuvik and Svartsengi where the current activity is, a gap that there could be some magma accumulation under the crust which has not been able to escape out of the volcanoes next to it. As such there is a small but plausible situation this eruption could be pretty big, maybe even exceeding 1 km3 though it will take a few years to get that far I expect, it wont be nearly so fast as Holuhraun or Ahu’aila’au, except maybe at the very start. It could be a shield, but it also could be a decade long sequence of large fissure eruptions, like Krafla. Still at the end of the day we really dont know,

    • As chad says, the steeper mountains are mounds and ridges from subglacial eruptions.

      There is a shield in the middle of this, very close to where the dyke started, and it’s called Þráinsskjöldur. It erupted after deglaciation around 14000 years ago. The resulting lava field, Þráinsskjaldarhraun, with an erupted volume of 5km³, is the largest lava field on the Reykjanes peninsula. In google earth it looks almost completely flat.

  44. Another large double quake just now on the Grindavik seismograph. Not yet on the others which lag a bit more.

    • To me it looks like a double earthquake (2.9 and 3.0 preliminary), followed by a little tremor pulse near the dyke.

      • Yes, that looks like tremor. the activity seems to be moving north again. Perhaps the M5.4 collapsed the southern part of the dyke.

        • Nope, it is still healthy there judging from the smaller quakes.
          Problem is just that it has reached that hard brittle part that I wrote about, this means that the path of least recistance is towards NE.
          I expect a few large ones in a day or two.

  45. The crust on Reykjanes is harder and more brittle than I first imagined it to be
    But the magma supply is very small too.

    But the ultrafast East pacific Rise that spreads 18 times faster than Iceland.. sourely haves a very thin and ductile crust, on the EPR axis you walk on the magma that maybe just 2 kilometers below and massive melt lenses spanning many 100 s of km along the ridge axis

    • Do you have any idea how they calculate the magma supply? Are they able to measure it with something? Any kind of observations?

    • Well the magma supply to superfast spreaders are very much faster than the supply to slow ridges like the atlantic. Really slow ridges only haves shallow eruption intrusions and no shallow axial magma chamber.

      Superfast ridge axis you walk on the magma that maybe just 2 kilometers below and massive melt lenses spanning many 100 s of km along the ridge axis!

      But Iceland is far from a normal ridge.. its a ridge thats massively booasted by a Mantle Plume.
      The morphology of Icelands ridge like Vatnajökull crust is very diffirent than normal atlantic ridge processes.

  48. *clears all work commitments for the day and gets the popcorn ready for some lava loving fun time … oh good, popcorn still ready and waiting from ALL the teasing Lady Hekla has done over the past years 🤓

    • Lol Inannamoon.. My popcorn same age but has kept well..like I have ..and I hope you sll good too. ….Like old times isn’t it?

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